Johannesburg · In-house counsel

In-house legal recruiters in Johannesburg.

Retained search for general counsel and chief executives hiring counsel who will sit with a JSE issuer, a Sandton group, or a bank on Simmonds Street.

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›Admission, the JSE list, and the city clock

In house legal recruiters Johannesburg are retained when a Sandton employer needs counsel admitted in South Africa, or a foreign-qualified counsel who will advise without appearing. The Legal Practice Council's report of 22 May 2026 counted 36,574 practising attorneys nationally, 17,708 of them in Gauteng. The JSE reported 271 listed companies at 31 December 2025, including 148 dual-listed. Sartori has closed 8 Johannesburg in-house mandates since 2022, at a median of 12 weeks to an accepted offer. A JSE-listed mining group in Sandton hired its group general counsel in 13 weeks.

01 — The brief answer

A Johannesburg seat is an admission question and a listing question.

A chief executive in Sandton writes one line: South African experience, comfortable with the board, able to manage outside counsel. Some seats need a lawyer on the Legal Practice Council roll, because someone in the building must appear or sign a court instrument. Others need counsel who can advise the company, instruct attorneys, and live with a JSE announcement calendar. The shortlist depends on which of those the seat actually is.

That is the hiring problem in-house counsel recruiting is retained to solve in this city. Lorenzo Sartori founded Sartori & Partners in early 2017. The research programme maps 1,480,000+ lawyers. The figures in the strip below are the corporate book, the same figures printed on the case studies: 400+ placements since 2017 (230+ in-house), of which 52 are general counsel and chief legal officer searches. Those 52 reach a shortlist in 24 days and an accepted offer in a median of 11 weeks, with a range of 8 to 16. They are the clock a Johannesburg file is run against.

The city line is separate, and smaller. Since 2022 the firm has closed 8 Johannesburg in-house mandates: 3 general counsel or head of legal, and 5 senior or specialist counsel. The median shortlist on that line is 22 days. The median accepted offer is 12 weeks. 2 of the 8 drew a counter-offer. 2 Johannesburg in-house mandates are open this quarter. Offer acceptance on the corporate book is 96 percent. That rate is the firm rate. The city file below is one JSE-listed mining group in Sandton, told on its own clock.

In-house placements · since 2017

230+

Of which GC / CLO

52

GC shortlist

24days

GC median to offer

11weeks

Sartori & Partners corporate track record, 2017–2026, as published on the case studies. The strip is the firm book. The Johannesburg line since 2022 is 8 closed mandates, median 22 days to a shortlist and 12 weeks to an accepted offer. GC range on the firm book is 8 to 16 weeks. Offer acceptance on corporate mandates is 96%.

02 — Employers and sectors

The employer list is already on the public record.

Johannesburg's in-house market is the legal departments of companies that already publish where they sit. The JSE's governance report for 2025, published on 30 March 2026, records 271 companies listed on the exchange at 31 December 2025, down from 280 a year earlier, including 148 dual-listed companies, up from 131. The combined market capitalisation of all JSE-listed entities was R24.18 trillion, against R19.23 trillion in 2024. JSE Limited's own market capitalisation was R12.3 billion, against R10 billion. In 2025 the exchange welcomed seven company listings across five sectors. The same report frames the group's governance outcomes against King V. The registered office is One Exchange Square, 2 Gwen Lane, Sandown, 2196. A general counsel whose issuer is in that 271 lives on an announcement calendar, a related-party test, and, for 148 of them, a second listing regime.

Banking is a Johannesburg fact with a named balance sheet. Standard Bank Group's annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025, with the independent auditors' reports dated 11 March 2026, state that the group is headquartered in Johannesburg and that its primary listing is on the JSE. The registered office is the 9th Floor, Standard Bank Centre, 5 Simmonds Street, Johannesburg, 2001. The statements describe the group as Africa's largest financial services group by assets. Headline earnings for the twelve months were R49,207 million, the same figure on the results factsheet issued on 12 March 2026. A banking general counsel is a separate brief, run on the bank general counsel search page, because the regulator, the board risk committee and the product set are the job.

Energy and chemicals have a Sandton address of their own. Sasol Limited's annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2026 were approved by the board on 1 September 2026. The registered office is Sasol Place, 50 Katherine Street, Sandton 2196. The Form 20-F for that year was filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission on 1 September 2026, and it gives the same principal executive offices. The company is listed on the JSE and the NYSE. That is the dual-listed pattern in one building: a South African statute, a JSE announcement, and a US reporting calendar. An energy general counsel search is scoped on the energy general counsel page.

The Legal Practice Council's report of 22 May 2026 puts the profession's weight in the same province. Gauteng accounts for 43,644 enrolled legal practitioners, which the Council describes as nearly half of practising legal professionals and of total enrollees, aligned with the commercial and administrative hubs of Johannesburg and Pretoria. The report publishes the province. A Johannesburg-only roll is absent from it. Private-practice context for the city sits on legal recruitment in Johannesburg. The company-side question is which of these employers is actually hiring, and which admission the seat requires.

Employer What the 2025–2026 record shows What the search has to settle in week one
JSE-listed issuer 271 companies at 31 December 2025, 148 of them dual-listed; combined market capitalisation R24.18 trillion Which listing rules the counsel owns, and whether a second exchange changes the disclosure calendar
JSE Limited itself Registered office at One Exchange Square, Sandown; own market capitalisation R12.3 billion; seven company listings in 2025 Whether the seat is an issuer counsel or an exchange counsel
Commercial bank Standard Bank Group, headquartered in Johannesburg, primary listing on the JSE, headline earnings R49,207 million Prudential, conduct and product perimeter. Scoped as a banking search
Energy and chemicals Sasol Limited, Sasol Place, Sandton; JSE and NYSE; year ended 30 June 2026 Projects, reserves reporting, and a US filing calendar beside the JSE
Mining group No public census of in-house seats. One closed file: a JSE-listed mining group in Sandton Group general counsel, admission, and a board that had asked for appearance rights

Addresses and figures are the companies' own reports, named in the source ledger. None of these companies is named here as a client.

03 — Licensing

Admission is a gate. The job title is a separate question.

The Legal Practice Council's report of 22 May 2026, signed at Midrand on 21 May 2026, counts the national roll at 87,447 legal practitioners: 36,574 practising attorneys, 38,096 non-practising attorneys, 10,254 practising advocates and 2,523 non-practising advocates. Of that roll, 46,828 practitioners are classified as actively practising and liable for annual levies, a practising rate of 53.55 percent. The other 40,619 are enrolled and non-practising. In Gauteng the same table shows 17,708 practising attorneys, 6,872 practising advocates, 17,576 non-practising attorneys and 1,488 non-practising advocates, totaling 43,644. The Council explains the non-practising side of the national roll in part as corporate counsel, state employees and legal academics who keep their enrolment and are not required to hold a Fidelity Fund certificate under section 84(1) of the Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014.

Section 33 of that Act draws the work line. For a fee, appearance in a court or tribunal where only legal practitioners may appear, and the drawing of instruments for proceedings, belong to a legal practitioner who has been admitted and enrolled. Section 33(2) reserves the title: a person holds out as a legal practitioner only if they are one. Section 25 adds a further certificate for an attorney who will appear in the High Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal or the Constitutional Court. A full-time employed counsel who does not hold trust money and does not practice for their own account is the person the Council describes under section 84(1): enrolled, often non-practising, and outside the Fidelity Fund certificate that an attorney in practice for their own account must hold.

A foreign-qualified lawyer employed in Sandton can advise the company that employs them. Appearance, a court instrument, or the title attorney or advocate requires the roll. The Sandton mining file turned on that split: the board asked for appearance, and the seat was advice, instruction of attorneys, and the JSE calendar. The blueprint fixes the split before any name is discussed. A JSE issuer counsel lives in the listings requirements and King V. A banking counsel lives in the prudential and conduct perimeter. An energy counsel on a NYSE issuer also lives in the Form 20-F calendar. The brief names the one that is the job.

Question the offer must answer Rule Where it is written
Who may appear or draw a court instrument for a fee A legal practitioner admitted and enrolled Legal Practice Act, section 33
Who may use the title A legal practitioner Section 33(2)
High Court appearance by an attorney Registrar's certificate of right of appearance Section 25
Fidelity Fund certificate Attorneys in practice for their own account. Employed corporate counsel are described by the Council as outside it Section 84(1), LPC report of 22 May 2026, paragraph 18.1
Foreign-qualified employee May advise the employer. Appearance and the title follow the roll Section 33, read with the employment contract

"Practising" in the counts above is the Council's category. The statute's gate for reserved work is admission and enrolment.

04 — Notice

The accepted offer is a date. The start date is that date plus notice.

On the firm book, a general counsel search reaches an accepted offer in a median of 11 weeks, range 8 to 16, across 52 GC and CLO searches since 2017. On the Johannesburg line the median is 12 weeks, across 8 mandates since 2022. Both clocks stop when the offer is accepted. Section 37 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 then governs the employment being left, and the employment being accepted, unless a lawful longer period has been agreed.

The statutory floor depends on service with the employer who is being left. One week, if the employee has been employed for six months or less. Two weeks, if employment has run for more than six months and not more than one year. Four weeks, if employment has run for one year or more. A collective agreement may permit a shorter period. Even then, the four-week tier for an employee of a year or more may be reduced only to two weeks. Section 37(3) keeps the two directions level: no agreement may require the employee to give a longer period than the employer must give. Section 37(4) requires the notice in writing. Section 38 permits payment instead of working the notice. A contract may set a longer period than the statutory floor. Section 37(3) requires that longer period to bind the employer for the same length. The period in the contract, when there is one, is the period that sets the Monday the counsel can start.

From 1 May 2026 the earnings threshold under the Act is R269,600.90 a year, about R22,466.74 a month, set by Government Notice 7384 in Government Gazette 54544 of 17 April 2026. The previous figure was R261,748.45, in force from 1 April 2025. Section 6(3) allows the Minister to exclude employees above the threshold from sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17(2) and 18(3): ordinary hours, overtime, compressed weeks, averaging, meal intervals, rest, Sunday pay, night work and public-holiday pay. Section 37 is outside that list. Counsel hired into a listed-company or banking seat are paid above R269,600.90, so hours and overtime are a matter of the contract. Notice is still section 37, or the longer equal period the contract records.

The letter names the notice law of the contract the candidate is leaving, and the notice the new contract will impose. A counsel on a one-year-plus contract can be on a four-week statutory floor while the new contract records a longer equal period. Citing the four-week floor does not shorten a longer period the two sides have already agreed. Where the permanent seat cannot wait, interim cover is a different product. Across 60+ interim and fractional engagements since 2017, counted outside the 400+ placements (230+ in-house), the median from first call to start is 7 days. One published file, an interim general counsel for a Series C fintech in San Francisco, was live on day 6. That is cover while notice runs. It sits on the interim and fractional page, and it is kept out of the 38 and out of the Johannesburg 8.

Service with the current employer Minimum notice What can change it
Six months or less One week Contract or collective agreement, level in both directions
More than six months, up to one year Two weeks Same
One year or more Four weeks A collective agreement may reduce this tier only to two weeks
Earnings above R269,600.90 from 1 May 2026 Section 37 still applies The threshold switches off listed hours provisions. It leaves notice in place
Payment instead of working notice Section 38 Remuneration for the notice period, in place of service

Floors are section 37 of Act 75 of 1997, as restated on the statute text cited in the ledger. The threshold figure is Government Notice 7384 of 17 April 2026.

05 — Compensation

Price the seat in rand. Read the dollar pages as a programme scale.

The Legal Practice Council counts practitioners. The JSE counts listed companies. Neither publishes an in-house pay schedule. Section 30 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 requires the annual financial statements to disclose the remuneration of directors and of prescribed officers. A general counsel appears in that disclosure when the company has determined that the person exercises general executive control over the whole business, or a significant portion of it, or regularly participates to a material degree in that control.

The salary pages on this site are the place to read programme bands, and they are denominated in dollars. General counsel salary, 2026 is the chair. In-house counsel salary, 2026 is the desk under it: counsel, senior counsel, and head of legal. The index of both sits at salary and compensation benchmarks. The deputy and head-of-legal programme band is $220,000–$380,000. That band is a dollar scale for that seat. A Johannesburg offer is written in rand, against the employer's own bands, the prescribed-officer disclosure where one exists, and the notice the candidate must work.

The retained fee is the same instrument on every company mandate. It is 25–30 percent of the hire's total first-year compensation. Thirty percent of that fee is paid when the search is engaged. A retained general counsel, chief legal officer or chief compliance officer search carries a 12-month replacement term. Other in-house searches carry 6 months. Off-limits on the client's legal department run 24 months, and a lawyer we have placed is not approached for as long as they stay. Offer acceptance on corporate mandates is 96 percent. Retained corporate mandates complete at 92 percent. Retention of placed in-house leaders is 97 percent at 12 months and 91 percent at 24 months. Those are programme rates from the case studies. A compliance seat that reports on conduct rather than on contracts is scoped on the compliance recruitment page, on the same fee terms.

Hiring in Johannesburg?

Name the admission, then the person.

JSE issuer, bank, energy group, or a mining general counsel. The letter records the fee and the replacement term before any approach.

06 — How a search runs

Six steps. The Johannesburg work is in the first and the last.

  1. 01 — BriefMandate, success profile and conflicts frame agreed in writing.
  2. 02 — Market mapThe live universe mapped from our coverage, not whoever is in motion.
  3. 03 — ApproachConfidential, principal-led conversations with the mapped shortlist.
  4. 04 — ShortlistUnderwritten candidates presented with evidence, not CVs.
  5. 05 — OfferPackage design, references and counter-offer defence.
  6. 06 — CloseResignation, notice and the first hundred days, managed.

Week one records the employing entity, whether the counsel must be on the Legal Practice Council roll, which listing regime applies, and the notice on the contracts people would be leaving. The fee letter goes out with that page. Mapping uses the research programme's 1,480,000+ lawyers, cut to JSE disclosure, a banking perimeter, a Form 20-F, or a mining group general counsel seat. The firm average to a general counsel shortlist is 24 days. The Johannesburg median across the 8 closed mandates is 22 days. The offer is written in rand. Notice and any payment instead of notice under section 38 are scheduled before the candidate resigns, so the start date is known while the offer is still a draft.

07 — Files

One Johannesburg mandate. One published firm file.

The Sandton mining brief is the city line. The Boston brief is one of the 52 published general counsel searches, so the firm clock is visible beside it. The two clocks are different numbers, and they stay different.

JOHANNESBURG LINE SINCE 2022 · FIRM BOOK SINCE 2017 2 FILES

Group general counsel, JSE-listed mining group

Sandton · one of 3 Johannesburg GC or head-of-legal mandates · since 2022

Mandate
Hire a group general counsel for a JSE-listed mining group based in Sandton.
Complication
The candidate the board preferred first was English-qualified and off the Legal Practice Council roll. The board asked for appearance rights. The seat was an advice seat: instruct attorneys, own the JSE calendar, sit with the executive. Appearance was a credential the role would leave unused.
Outcome
The shortlist reached the board on day 23. The person hired was an admitted South African attorney, from a banking legal department. The accepted offer closed in week 13. The client's words: The shortlist arrived on day 23. We hired the admitted attorney. The offer was accepted in week 13.

Successor general counsel, NASDAQ-listed medtech

Boston · one of 52 GC/CLO searches · blind process

Mandate
Replace a sitting general counsel who was still in post, without telling the market the company was looking.
Complication
The 12-month replacement term was in the letter before anyone was called. The sitting general counsel was not shopped.
Outcome
A shortlist of four reached the board on day 24. The accepted offer closed in week 11. The 12-month retention checkpoint held. Full file: GC succession, Boston.

08 — Sources

What each figure is allowed to prove.

›18 sources cited on this page
  1. 1 Sartori & Partners — case studies, corporate book 400+ placements since 2017 (230+ in-house); 52 GC/CLO at 24 days and 11 weeks (range 8–16); 96% acceptance; 92% completion; 97% / 91% retention; fee 25–30% with a 30% retainer; 12-month and 6-month replacement; 24-month off-limits.
  2. 2 GC succession — NASDAQ-listed medtech, Boston Shortlist of four on day 24; accepted offer in week 11; 12-month replacement in the letter. Published firm file, shown beside the Johannesburg line.
  3. 3 Interim GC — Series C fintech, San Francisco 60+ interim engagements since 2017, outside the 230+; median 7 days to start; this file live on day 6.
  4. 4 Sartori & Partners — Research programme Market map of 1,480,000+ lawyers. No Johannesburg closed-search count is taken from this page.
  5. 5 Sartori & Partners — About Founded early 2017 by Lorenzo Sartori.
  6. 6 Legal Practice Council — report to the Minister, section 6(5)(h) Signed at Midrand on 21 May 2026; published as the 22 May 2026 report. National roll: 36,574 practising attorneys, 38,096 non-practising attorneys, 10,254 practising advocates, 2,523 non-practising advocates, total 87,447. Levy-liable practising practitioners: 46,828 (53.55%). Gauteng: 17,708 practising attorneys, 6,872 practising advocates, 17,576 non-practising attorneys, 1,488 non-practising advocates, total enrolled 43,644. Paragraph 18.1: corporate counsel often remain enrolled without a Fidelity Fund certificate under section 84(1). Paragraph 21: Gauteng concentration aligns with Johannesburg and Pretoria. No Johannesburg-only roll.
  7. 7 JSE Limited — Governance Report 2025 Published 30 March 2026, year ended 31 December 2025. 271 companies listed (2024: 280), including 148 dual-listed (2024: 131). Combined market capitalisation of all JSE-listed entities R24.18 trillion (2024: R19.23 trillion). Market capitalisation of JSE Limited R12.3 billion (2024: R10 billion). Seven company listings across five sectors in 2025. Governance outcomes framed against King V.
  8. 8 JSE Limited — company information Registered office: One Exchange Square, 2 Gwen Lane, Sandown, 2196.
  9. 9 Standard Bank Group — annual financial statements 2025 Year ended 31 December 2025. Headquartered in Johannesburg; primary listing on the JSE. Registered office: 9th Floor, Standard Bank Centre, 5 Simmonds Street, Johannesburg, 2001. The group describes itself as Africa's largest financial services group by assets. Headline earnings R49,207 million. Independent auditors' reports dated 11 March 2026.
  10. 10 Standard Bank Group — 2025 annual results factsheet Headline earnings R49,207 million for the twelve months to 31 December 2025, results issued 12 March 2026. Same figure as the annual financial statements.
  11. 11 Sasol Limited — annual financial statements, year ended 30 June 2026 Approved by the board on 1 September 2026. Registered office: Sasol Place, 50 Katherine Street, Sandton 2196. Prepared under IFRS, the JSE Listings Requirements and the Companies Act.
  12. 12 Sasol Limited — Form 20-F for the year ended 30 June 2026 Filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission on 1 September 2026. Principal executive offices: Sasol Place, 50 Katherine Street, Sandton 2196. JSE and NYSE listing.
  13. 13 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 — section 37 Notice floors: one week at six months or less; two weeks above six months up to one year; four weeks at one year or more. Collective agreements may shorten notice; the four-week tier for employees of a year or more may be reduced only to two weeks. Employee notice may not exceed employer notice. Notice in writing.
  14. 14 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 — section 38 Payment instead of notice.
  15. 15 Government Notice 7384 of 2026 — BCEA earnings threshold Government Gazette 54544, 17 April 2026, effective 1 May 2026. Threshold R269,600.90 a year.
  16. 16 LWO — earnings threshold update, 27 May 2026 Threshold R269,600.90 a year, about R22,466.74 a month, up from R261,748.45 which applied from 1 April 2025. Hours, overtime and rest sit on one side of the line; the notice section is discussed with the statute.
  17. 17 Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014 — consolidated Section 33 reserved work and holding out. Section 25 right of appearance in the High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court. Section 84 Fidelity Fund certificate, read with the Council's 2026 report.
  18. 18 Companies Act 71 of 2008 — consolidated Section 30 disclosure of directors' and prescribed officers' remuneration. A general counsel is on that disclosure when determined to be a prescribed officer.

09 — Questions

In-house counsel in Johannesburg — common questions

What do in house legal recruiters Johannesburg get hired to do?

In house legal recruiters Johannesburg are retained when a general counsel or a chief executive needs counsel the company has yet to meet: a lawyer admitted in South Africa, or a foreign-qualified counsel who will advise the employer. Sartori & Partners has completed 400+ placements since 2017 (230+ in-house), including 52 general counsel and chief legal officer searches. On the Johannesburg line, 8 in-house mandates have closed since 2022: 3 general counsel or head of legal, and 5 senior or specialist counsel. The Johannesburg median is 22 days to a shortlist and 12 weeks to an accepted offer. Across all 52 general counsel searches the firm clock is 24 days to a shortlist and a median of 11 weeks.

Where do general counsel recruiters Johannesburg get hired?

The public employer map is the exchange, the banks headquartered in the city, and the energy groups with a Sandton registered office. The JSE's 2025 reporting suite, published on 30 March 2026, recorded 271 companies listed at 31 December 2025, including 148 dual-listed, and a combined market capitalisation of R24.18 trillion. Standard Bank Group's annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2025 describe a group headquartered in Johannesburg, registered at 5 Simmonds Street, with its primary listing on the JSE and headline earnings of R49,207 million. Sasol Limited's registered office is Sasol Place, 50 Katherine Street, Sandton, and the company is listed on the JSE and the NYSE. The city hub is legal recruitment in Johannesburg.

Does a Johannesburg general counsel have to be on the Legal Practice Council roll?

Section 33 of the Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014 reserves, for a fee, appearance and the drawing of court instruments to a legal practitioner who has been admitted and enrolled. Section 33(2) reserves the title. The Council's report of 22 May 2026 says corporate counsel often keep their enrolment as non-practising and are not required to hold a Fidelity Fund certificate under section 84(1) when they do not practice for their own account. A foreign-qualified counsel can advise as an employee. Appearance, and holding out as an attorney or advocate, follow admission and enrolment. An attorney who will appear in the High Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal or the Constitutional Court applies to the registrar under section 25. The Council counted 36,574 practising attorneys nationally on that report, 17,708 of them in Gauteng. It does not publish a Johannesburg-only roll.

What notice period applies before a Johannesburg counsel can start?

The search clock stops at the accepted offer. Notice runs after it, under section 37 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997. The floor is one week at six months' service or less, two weeks above six months up to one year, and four weeks at one year or more. A collective agreement may shorten notice, and the four-week tier may be reduced only to two weeks. No agreement may require the employee to give longer notice than the employer. Notice is in writing. Section 38 allows payment instead of notice. From 1 May 2026 the earnings threshold is R269,600.90 a year (Government Notice 7384, Gazette 54544, 17 April 2026). Section 37 sits outside the hours provisions the threshold can switch off. Senior contracts commonly agree a longer period, equal in both directions, and that contractual period is the one that sets the start date.

How should a company read pay for a Johannesburg in-house hire?

There is no Legal Practice Council schedule, and no JSE schedule, of in-house pay. Section 30 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 requires the annual financial statements to disclose remuneration of directors and prescribed officers. A general counsel appears in that disclosure when the board has determined that the person exercises, or regularly participates in, general executive control of the business or a significant part of it. Dollar bands on the 2026 general counsel salary page and the 2026 in-house counsel salary page are a programme scale. A Johannesburg offer is written in rand. The retained fee is 25–30% of total first-year compensation, and 30% of that fee is paid at engagement.

How long does a general counsel search in Johannesburg take?

Across 52 general counsel and chief legal officer searches since 2017, the shortlist arrives in 24 days and the accepted offer in a median of 11 weeks, with a range of 8 to 16. The Johannesburg line, 8 closed mandates since 2022, runs at a median of 22 days to a shortlist and 12 weeks to an accepted offer. A JSE-listed mining group in Sandton hired its group general counsel from a shortlist on day 23, with the accepted offer in week 13. 2 of the 8 closed mandates drew a counter-offer. 2 Johannesburg in-house mandates are open this quarter. Where notice will not move, interim cover is a separate book: 60+ engagements since 2017, median 7 days from first call to start.

10 — Related

The pages that sit next to this search.

Hiring in Johannesburg?

Brief the admission, then the search.

JSE issuer, Sandton group, or a bank in the city. Retained, confidential, and scoped before anyone is called.