Salary · Paris 2026
Lawyer salary in Paris, 2026: the tier, then the move.
A general counsel writing a Paris offer, and a collaborateur reading one, are not looking at the same instrument. The dated public cells are a Bar floor of EUR 44,400 a year, a modal band of EUR 60,000 to 96,000, and a company median that is gross. The question is which step the lateral actually is.
A lateral inside Paris is a priced step.
The smallest 2026 step inside lawyer salary Paris is EUR 15,600 a year of hors-taxes rétrocession: from the Bar’s EUR 44,400 year-one floor up to the EUR 60,000 floor of the band where 39 percent of Paris collaborateurs already invoice.
The Paris Bar, on 21 January 2026, set full-time rétrocession minima at EUR 3,700 HT a month in year one and EUR 4,100 from year two. Annualised, that is EUR 44,400 and EUR 49,200, about USD 51,468 and USD 57,033 at the ECB rate of 11 September 2026. A floor the patron must pay.
Annual figures assume twelve full-time months. USD uses one ECB fix. The tier table is next.
- 12,435
- Collaborateurs at the Paris bar on 1 January 202339.1 percent of 31,834 avocats. The population the floor actually prices.
- Ministry of Justice, published February 2025
- 202
- Salaried avocats at the Paris bar, same census0.6 percent. The employed-avocat product is not the 2026 default.
- Ministry of Justice, published February 2025
- EUR 4,005
- Monthly social-security ceiling, PASS, for 2026Annual ceiling EUR 48,060. The Bar says the minima follow the 2 percent lift.
- URSSAF, 1 January 2026
- 1.1592
- Dollars per euro, ECB reference rate11 September 2026. Every USD cell uses this fix and no other.
- European Central Bank, 11 September 2026
What lawyer salary Paris is in 2026, tier by tier.
Euros and dollars, by instrument. A hors-taxes rétrocession, a salaried-avocat gross and a cadre median are not one wage, and a lateral that pretends they are will miss.
The Paris Bar, updated 21 January 2026 and restated 17 April 2026, fixed full-time rétrocession minima under RIBP article P 14.3.1 at EUR 3,700 HT a month in the first year and EUR 4,100 from the second. Twelve months makes EUR 44,400 and EUR 49,200. At the European Central Bank euro reference of 11 September 2026, USD 1.1592 per euro, those floors are about USD 51,468 and USD 57,033. URSSAF, from 1 January 2026, set the monthly PASS at EUR 4,005 and the annual ceiling at EUR 48,060. The Bar states that the 2026 minima follow that 2 percent lift, and that the amounts apply to contracts already in force. The floor reprices a sitting collaboration. It does not, by itself, reprice a lateral.
The Union des Jeunes Avocats de Paris, on 23 January 2026, published the recommended tariff at EUR 4,440 HT in year one and EUR 4,870 in year two. Annualised, EUR 53,280 and EUR 58,440, about USD 61,762 and USD 67,744. The year-one gap versus the compulsory floor is EUR 740 a month, EUR 8,880 a year, about USD 10,294. A desk that pays the recommended tariff has already left the floor. It has not entered the band the CNB measured.
| 2026 cell | Instrument | EUR | USD | Source date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris Bar floor, year 1, full-time | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 44,400 | USD 51,468 | Paris Bar, 21 January 2026 |
| Paris Bar floor, year 2 and after | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 49,200 | USD 57,033 | Paris Bar, 21 January 2026 |
| UJA recommended tariff, year 1 | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 53,280 | USD 61,762 | UJA de Paris, 23 January 2026 |
| UJA recommended tariff, year 2 | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 58,440 | USD 67,744 | UJA de Paris, 23 January 2026 |
| CNB modal band, lower edge (39 percent) | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 60,000 | USD 69,552 | CNB Collaboration survey, February 2026 |
| CNB modal band, upper edge | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 96,000 | USD 111,283 | CNB Collaboration survey, February 2026 |
| CNB 8,000-10,000 HT/month band (14 percent) | Rétrocession HT / year | EUR 96,000-120,000 | USD 111,283-139,104 | CNB Collaboration survey, February 2026 |
| Salaried avocat, Paris / Île-de-France, year 1 | CDI gross / year | EUR 31,494.44 | USD 36,508 | Avenant 29, 24 January 2025 |
| Salaried avocat, Paris / IDF, 5 years or specialist | CDI gross / year | EUR 52,131 | USD 60,430 | Avenant 29, 24 January 2025 |
| APEC cadre family juridique, median | CDI gross / year | EUR 51,000 | USD 59,119 | APEC Barometre, June 2025 |
The APEC median is a national cadre family, not a Paris-bar rétrocession. The national avocat net-income series lives on the France salary table. Sources below.
Paris Bar year-one floor
EUR 3,700 HT a month, annualised. Compulsory from 1 January 2026. About USD 51,468.
Paris Bar, 21 January 2026 ↗The CNB histogram is a measured self-report. Fieldwork ran September to October 2025. The report is dated February 2026. Paris accounts for 41.5 percent of collaborateur respondents. Inside Paris, 23 percent sit at EUR 4,000 to 5,000 HT a month, just above the 2026 floor; 39 percent at EUR 5,000 to 8,000; 14 percent at EUR 8,000 to 10,000; 6 percent at EUR 10,000 to 12,000; 8 percent at EUR 12,000 and above. Combined, EUR 8,000 and above is 28 percent. Combined, EUR 10,000 and above is 14 percent. Nine in ten collaborateurs in that survey report no unpaid rétrocession. 41 percent report some difficulty putting the collaboration contract into effect. None of those shares is a firm-tier grid, and none of them is a CDI.
The floor reprices a collaboration that is already signed. A lateral is a different conversation.
The payer changes with the tier. The headcount does not.
On 1 January 2023 the Paris bar was 31,834 avocats. Most of them are not in the invoice tail. The desks that can fund that tail are a short list.
Those four counts sum to 31,834. Paris was 43.0 percent of a national bar of 73,998 on the same census, at a density of 151.4 avocats per 10,000 inhabitants against 10.8 nationally. A directory extract is a later series. Village de la Justice, updating a data.gouv snapshot on 3 March 2026, put the national stock at 79,141 in January 2026 and attributed 2,348 of a 4,259 national net gain, since January 2023, to Paris. That increment is not a new census of who earns which tier. Do not rebase the 2026 floor onto a homemade 2026 headcount.
CNB key figures for 2026 put 2,105 of 4,132 élèves-avocats at the Paris school. The same key figures put salaried avocats at 2.7 percent of the profession nationally. Paris itself, on the 2023 census, is thinner than that national share: 202 people. The pipeline into a Paris business desk is still collaboration libérale. CNB states that 93 percent of new CAPA holders who join a bar exercise that way. A year-one lateral inside Paris is almost always a change of patron, not a change of employment contract.
Four payers, matched to the tiers, not to a single “Paris firm.” A small or legal-aid desk can be on the compulsory floor; the national net median of EUR 52,148 in the CNB 2026 key figures, and the mean of EUR 88,536, describe that wider profession after charges, not a business-desk invoice. A volume platform and a Big Four law practice can clear the UJA tariff and still sit under the modal band, because headcount, not the tail, is the model. US and UK Paris offices, and independent Paris business firms, are the desks whose 2024 France-office revenue per lawyer can fund the modal band and the tail. Décideurs, corrected 9 September 2025, published cabinet-declared 2024 figures: Bredin Prat at EUR 220 million on 222 lawyers, EUR 990,991 per lawyer, and Latham & Watkins at EUR 135 million on 122 lawyers, EUR 1,106,557 per lawyer. Revenue per lawyer is fee intensity of the office. It is not the collaborateur’s rétrocession, and it is not a 2026 first-year scale. No Paris office announcement on this page states one.
Floor deskTail desk
- Floor and near-floor The compulsory minimum, and the slice of the histogram just above it. Legal-aid and smaller Paris desks. A lateral out of this tier is a step up in invoice, not a new profession.
- Modal business desk The band most Paris business-firm collaborateurs report. Volume platforms may reach it. Independent and international offices staff it as the ordinary seat.
- Tail The upper bands. US and UK Paris offices and independent business firms, on private equity, M&A, foreign investment and competition. Fee intensity is the constraint, not the Bar floor.
Inside the bar, a lateral is a step. Out of the bar, it is a different contract.
Sartori closed 26 Paris associate searches over three years. 9 of the fee-dense files in that book were moves up a tier. 4 other files stalled because the letter mixed an invoice with a salary.
| Move | From | To | Annual gap | What actually changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Floor desk to UJA tariff | EUR 44,400 HT | EUR 53,280 HT | EUR 8,880 / USD 10,294 | Still a collaborateur. Still VAT outside the cell. The patron is paying the recommended tariff, not the compulsory floor. |
| Floor desk into the modal band | EUR 44,400 HT | EUR 60,000 HT | EUR 15,600 / USD 18,084 | The smallest step into the band 39 percent of Paris collaborateurs already invoice. The contract stays collaboration libérale. |
| Modal band into the tail | EUR 96,000 HT | EUR 96,000 HT and above | Into the 28 percent tail | Same instrument, higher invoice. Fee-dense US, UK and independent Paris desks fund this. A volume platform usually does not. |
| Any collaborateur cell onto a company CDI | HT rétrocession | Gross salary | Not a euro step | The lawyer leaves the tableau. APEC's June 2025 juridique median is EUR 51,000 gross. That is not the modal HT band copied onto a payroll. |
Of 26 closed Paris associate searches over the trailing three years, 16 were private-equity, M&A, foreign-investment or competition collaborateurs at US or UK Paris offices or at independent Paris business firms. Of those 16, 9 were moves up a tier: the lawyer was already invoicing at or near the UJA tariff, and the new patron was bidding the modal band or the tail. The contract stayed collaboration libérale. The number that moved was the rétrocession. Across 250 structured interviews with Paris lawyers, 61 of 84 in-house respondents over a 24-month window said the last open company seat had been priced off a hors-taxes collaborateur cell. That is the other move, and it is not a tier step.
A general counsel at a Euronext-listed industrial in Paris put the company side without decoration: We opened at the collaborateur number our panel firm had quoted. The person we needed read it as an invoice, not a salary, and stayed. A head of talent at the Paris office of an international firm, in the same cohort, described the tier move from the other chair: The associates who move do not ask whether we beat the Bar floor. They ask whether we are in the five-to-eight band their last patron already paid.
The finding that cuts against an easy search is the clock. 4 of the 26, none of them among those 9, ran past 12 weeks. In each of them, the candidate was holding a hors-taxes letter and a company gross at the same time, and the first draft compared them as if they were the same cell. They closed. They closed late. Median offer-to-acceptance on the associate line is 8 working days. A comparison that needs a week of tax arithmetic after the verbal offer is already inside the window where the current patron can match. Counter-offers on that line run at 36 percent.
A higher rétrocession is still an invoice. A company seat is a salary.
The general counsel is not buying the modal band.
APEC's June 2025 juridique median is EUR 51,000 gross. It sits EUR 6,600 above the Paris year-one floor and EUR 9,000 below the modal-band floor. Those gaps are the budgeting error.
A company posting a Paris legal seat is hiring a juriste, a directeur juridique, a head of legal or a general counsel. The European e-Justice portal still treats the avocat and the juriste d’entreprise as two professions, and states that in France the avocat cannot be avocat en entreprise. Loi n° 2026-122 of 23 February 2026, after Conseil constitutionnel decision n° 2026-900 DC of 18 February 2026, attaches confidentiality to a written consultation. It does not inscribe the employee on the Paris tableau. The operational long-stop is 1 February 2027. Until then, and after, criminal, tax and European Commission files still go to an avocat.
The public gross a general counsel can cite without borrowing a search-firm survey is the APEC figure: EUR 51,000, about USD 59,119. Set it next to the collaborateur tiers and the mismatch is arithmetic. The year-one floor is EUR 44,400 HT, so the cadre median is EUR 6,600 a year higher and still a different instrument. The modal-band floor is EUR 60,000 HT, so the same median is EUR 9,000 a year lower than the invoice 39 percent of Paris collaborateurs already send. APEC surveyed 26,000 private-sector cadres in June 2025. The national cadre median in that barometer was EUR 55,000 gross. The juridique family is the legal-adjacent cell, not a directeur juridique band at a listed issuer. The Île-de-France seat count, and the general counsel’s own package, are separate pages: in-house counsel salary in Paris and general counsel salary in Paris.
Avenant n° 29 of 24 January 2025 is the third instrument, and it is easy to grab by mistake. Paris and Île-de-France year-one gross for a salaried avocat is EUR 31,494.44, about USD 36,508. The five-year or specialist-mention step is EUR 52,131, about USD 60,430. That grid is a CDI inside a firm. It is below the collaborateur floor because it is gross employment, not an HT invoice, and because almost nobody on the Paris bar is on it. Using it as the opening bid for a modal-band collaborateur underprices the seat. Using it as the opening bid for a directeur juridique prices the wrong profession at the wrong seniority.
Stay a collaborateurLeave the tableau
- Step inside the bar Same contract type. The rétrocession moves from floor, to recommended tariff, to modal band, or into the tail. VAT stays outside. The patron changes.
- Salaried avocat A real employment contract inside a firm, on the IDCC grid. A thin population at the Paris bar. Not the path a business-desk lateral usually walks.
- Company payroll Juriste or directeur juridique. Gross, bonus, reporting line. The 2026 statute buys a privileged memo, on a clock that runs to February 2027, not a bar title.
Name the instrument before you name the euros. A Paris company is funding a salary, a bonus and a reporting line.
- Write the contract first. Juriste, directeur juridique, head of legal, general counsel. If the work is a pleading or a commission inspection, you are instructing a firm.
- Do not paste the modal band. EUR 60,000 to 96,000 HT is an invoice band. APEC’s EUR 51,000 is the public gross that is actually a salary, and it is a family median, not your grade.
- Keep the in-house clock separate. Sartori’s Paris in-house desk closed 19 company-side searches over three years, typically in 4 to 7 months, with counter-offers on 29 percent of processes and a median of 15 working days from offer to acceptance.
- Price the search as retained. The fee is 25-30 percent of the hire’s total first-year compensation. Thirty percent of that fee is paid at engagement and kept if the search is cancelled.
Read the contract before you compare the headline to your current rétrocession.
- If you are staying a collaborateur, the 2026 floor is EUR 3,700 or 4,100 HT a month and the recommended tariff is EUR 4,440 or 4,870. Your market read is the CNB band, not the floor.
- Ask which tier. A letter that clears the Bar and misses the five-to-eight band is a floor bid. The associates in that cohort said so.
- If the seat is in-house, you are leaving the tableau. Convert nothing by multiplying your HT invoice by twelve and calling it a salary. The charges and the VAT do not travel.
- Watch the acceptance window. Median time from offer to signature is 8 working days. A CDI comparison that is not done before the offer goes out will not fit.
Housing is not the residual in Paris. The residual is the contract, the ceiling, and the clock.
The PASS moves the floor for everyone already signed. A lateral does not get that increase unless the new letter says so. The privilege statute moves the company product, not the rétrocession.
From 1 January 2026 the monthly PASS is EUR 4,005. The year-one floor of EUR 3,700 HT sits under that ceiling. A collaborateur at the floor is not “at the PASS.” A collaborateur in the modal band, EUR 5,000 HT a month and up, is already above it. Social charges on the person are outside the HT cell either way. A general counsel who grosses the floor up to the PASS, and then stops, has built a number the Bar did not set and the modal band does not live on.
The 2026 company clock is not a raise. Decision n° 2026-900 DC of 18 February 2026 left a document-level confidentiality, with reserves, and the statute’s long-stop is 1 February 2027. Ethics training still waits on a joint arrete. A directeur juridique hired in 2026 is being paid for a memo regime that is not fully switched on, plus the ordinary commercial, employment and regulatory work. That is a scope point. It is not a reason to match a US-firm Paris invoice.
National net income is the wrong residual as well. CNB key figures for 2026 put mean net income at EUR 88,536 and median net income at EUR 52,148. The mean sits near the upper edge of the Paris modal band only by coincidence of arithmetic: one figure is a profession-wide net after charges, the other is an HT invoice before them. 36 percent of avocats practice legal aid, which pulls the median down. A Paris business-desk lateral who anchors on EUR 52,148 is anchoring on the national middle, not on the band their peers invoice. The full national table, including the rest-of-France salaried grid, is the France salary page.
Sartori maps roughly 9,000 lawyers in Paris. The research program maps 1,480,000+ lawyers. The Paris file records bar and employer type. It does not record the rétrocession. Every package we price comes from the offer letter, checked with the hiring company, not from the map. The Bar, the UJA and the CNB can be cited exactly. A firm-by-firm 2026 scale cannot.
Price the tier. Then run the search on that tier.
The associate line completes at 93 percent, typically in 6 to 12 weeks. The files that ran long were not short of names. They were short of a comparable cell.
Sartori has worked the Paris associate line for 8 years. Over the trailing three years the desk closed 26 associate searches at a 93 percent completion rate. Quarterly surveys have run since 2019. The Paris read is that book of 26, plus the interview cohort already cited.
Three composites from that book, by category only. An independent Paris business firm instructed a year-3 M&A collaborateur. The lawyer was invoicing near the UJA tariff. The company, here a firm, bid the lower edge of the modal band, EUR 60,000 HT annualised, and kept the collaboration contract. The search closed in 9 weeks. The incumbent’s counter-offer was a complementary bonus, not a new base, and it failed once the tier was explicit.
A US firm’s Paris office instructed a year-6 competition collaborateur, moving from an independent desk already inside the modal band into the tail. The letter stated the HT figure and the VAT treatment in the first draft. It closed in 10 weeks, inside the 6 to 12 week band. Counter-offer incidence on the line is 36 percent. This file drew one. Signature still landed inside the 8 working-day median, because the equalizer was not a tax memo invented after the offer.
The third file is the uncomfortable one. A year-4 finance collaborateur at a Paris office of an international firm was shown an HT letter in the modal band and, in the same week, a company gross near the APEC median. The first comparison treated EUR 51,000 gross as if it were EUR 51,000 HT. The gap to the modal-band floor is EUR 9,000 before any charge is counted, and the instruments still do not match. The file closed in 14 weeks. It is one of the 4. The miss was the brief, not the shortlist.
- Q1 Is the contract still collaboration libérale, or is it a CDI? If it is a CDI at a company, stop comparing it to a rétrocession. You are in a different product.
- Q2 If it is still a collaborateur seat, which tier is the patron actually paying? Floor, recommended tariff, modal band, or tail. A letter that only clears the Bar has not answered the question.
- Q3 Is anyone else holding a gross number next to this invoice? If yes, convert on the ECB fix and then stop. Do not call the two cells the same wage.
- → All three answered? Bid that tier, in euros, with the dollar equivalent labeled as a conversion, and do not invent a firm scale to dress the letter.
The associate desk behind the tier move is associate recruiting. The company desk is in-house counsel recruiting, including the Paris in-house search. Who is hiring, as distinct from what the seat pays, is the Paris market map. A live hiring conversation starts at a confidential brief or on a direct call.
Lawyer salary in Paris, 2026: questions from both sides of the letter
What is lawyer salary Paris in 2026, in euros and dollars?
The Paris Bar’s 2026 year-one floor is EUR 3,700 HT a month, or EUR 44,400 a year, about USD 51,468. That floor, set out on 21 January 2026 under RIBP article P 14.3.1, is a compulsory rétrocession, not a market wage. The UJA de Paris recommended tariff of 23 January 2026 is EUR 4,440 HT a month in year one. The CNB Collaboration survey, report dated February 2026, puts 39 percent of Paris collaborateurs in a EUR 5,000 to 8,000 HT monthly band. Converted at the ECB reference of 11 September 2026, USD 1.1592 per euro, those three cells are different products.
What does a move from one Paris firm tier to another change in cash?
The step from the year-one floor to the modal band is EUR 15,600 a year, about USD 18,084. Annualised, the Paris Bar floor is EUR 44,400 HT and the lower edge of the CNB modal band is EUR 60,000 HT. The UJA year-one tariff sits between them, at EUR 53,280 HT, about USD 61,762. A lateral that stays inside collaboration libérale is one of those steps. It does not become a company salary because the number went up.
How should a general counsel compare a Paris collaborateur figure with a company salary?
A collaborateur cell is hors taxes; a company salary is gross, and APEC’s June 2025 juridique median is EUR 51,000. That median, about USD 59,119 at the 11 September 2026 ECB rate, sits above the Paris year-one floor and below the modal-band floor. Copying EUR 60,000 to 96,000 HT onto a CDI pays an invoice as if it were salary. The December 2025 Île-de-France seat count is a different page. Loi n° 2026-122 of 23 February 2026 does not turn the CDI into a Paris-bar title.
How long does a Paris associate search take to an accepted offer?
The Paris associate line typically runs 6 to 12 weeks, with a median of 8 working days from offer to acceptance. Sartori closed 26 Paris associate searches over three years at a 93 percent completion rate. Counter-offers landed on 36 percent of that line. 4 of those 26 files ran past 12 weeks because the letter quoted a hors-taxes figure against a CDI the candidate was also holding.
Are salaried avocats in Paris paid the collaborateur floor?
No. Paris salaried-avocat year-one gross is EUR 31,494.44, about USD 36,508, on a grid dated 24 January 2025. Avenant n° 29 of that date, to IDCC 1850, sets the Paris and Île-de-France year-one gross at that figure, and the five-year or specialist step at EUR 52,131. The Ministry of Justice census at 1 January 2023 counted 202 salaried avocats at the Paris bar, 0.6 percent of 31,834. The default first-year seat is still collaboration libérale.
Who pays the upper band of a Paris collaborateur invoice?
Combined, 28 percent of Paris collaborateurs invoice EUR 8,000 HT a month or more, on the CNB’s February 2026 survey. That tail is a self-report, not a lockstep. Of 16 fee-dense files inside 26 closed Paris associate searches over three years, the payers were US or UK Paris offices and independent Paris business firms doing private equity, M&A, foreign investment or competition work. A volume platform and a legal-aid desk do not fund that invoice. Revenue per lawyer at those offices is a fee-intensity measure, not the collaborateur’s rétrocession.
The Bar floor, the UJA tariff, the CNB histogram, and the cadre median.
Floors come from the Paris Bar and the UJA. The distribution comes from the CNB. The company gross comes from APEC. Headcount comes from the Ministry of Justice. Dollars come from the ECB reference of 11 September 2026.
Sources and further reading
14 references- Sartori & Partners — Paris Legal Talent Research Programme (250 structured interviews; ~9,000 lawyers mapped; quarterly surveys since 2019; mandate telemetry) sartoriglobal.com ↗
- Changement du montant de rétrocession minimal 2026 avocatparis.org ↗
- Le montant de rétrocession minimal arrêté par l'Ordre des avocats de Paris avocatparis.org ↗
- Tarif UJA 2026 uja.fr ↗
- Plafonds de la Sécurité sociale urssaf.fr ↗
- Euro foreign exchange reference rates ecb.europa.eu ↗
- Enquête Collaboration Édition 2026 cnb.avocat.fr ↗
- Chiffres-clés 2026 de la profession d'avocat cnb.avocat.fr ↗
- Statistique sur la profession d'avocat (1er janvier 2023) justice.gouv.fr ↗
- Avenant n° 29 du 24 janvier 2025 web.lexisnexis.fr ↗
- Baromètre 2025 de la rémunération des cadres corporate.apec.fr ↗
- [Mise à jour 2026] Toujours plus d'avocats en France village-justice.com ↗
- Les 150 : le classement par chiffre d'affaires decideurs-juridiques.com ↗
- Décision n° 2026-900 DC du 18 février 2026 conseil-constitutionnel.fr ↗
Hors-taxes rétrocession, CDI gross and national net income measure different things. The directory gain to January 2026 is not the 1 January 2023 census. Décideurs revenue per lawyer is 2024 fee intensity. Associate-file counts are inside 26 closed searches. In-house file counts are inside 19 closed searches.
Cohort reads, the associate-line telemetry and the offer window come from the research program on our research page. The national salary stack is lawyer salary in France, 2026.
Adjacent reads for the same two buyers.
Lawyer salary in France, 2026
The national stack: rest-of-France minima, the CNB net-income mean and median, and the statutes that sit behind a France-wide table.
Read the France tableIn-house counsel salary in Paris, 2026
The CDI seat count. How many Paris company seats one million euros of gross funds, on the Île-de-France legal-family median.
Read the Paris CDI countThe Paris legal market in 2026
Who hires, which desks, and why a bilingual filter is a different question from the rétrocession tier.
Read the Paris market mapA quiet conversation
Price the Paris tier before the letter goes out.
Whether you are a general counsel writing a 2026 offer or a head of legal filling a collaborateur seat, we will tell you which instrument you are buying before anyone sees a name. Confidential, no obligation.